Physics in everyday life question and explanations.

Humans mind is so beautiful, with so many questions. The human mind always wants to explore things. irrespective of our age we tend to ask questions of ourselves and others. Why are we here? Is there anyone out there?

A few days ago my grandmother asked me how clouds form? How big are the stars? why stars are so bright? Some so many people have these kinds of questions in mind but they don't get explanations. So let's understand the science of phenomena we encounter every day. or physics in everyday life. 

Why rainbows are curved?

Rainbows are circular because raindrops are spherical. When light from the sun hits a raindrop, most of it is reflected in a 42-degree cone. The reflected light is most intense along the surface of this cone, where it is broken down into a spectrum of colors. When you look at a rainbow, you're looking at a drop of light that hits your eye along the surface of the cone. As a result, the line from the Sun through our head passes through the center of a circular rainbow. The angle between this line and any point on the rainbow is approximately 42 degrees.

The illusion that rainbows are essentially two-dimensional and that we are used to thinking about them is a result of the absence of distance cues. The cloud of water droplets that creates the rainbow is dispersed in three dimensions.

However, because of the geometry of reflection, all of the droplets that direct the light of the rainbow in your direction are arranged in a cone with the tip directly in front of your eyes.

Understanding why this should be the case requires a leap of intuition, but let's try. Depending on the wavelength, sunlight (or any other light) is reflected by water droplets at an angle between 40 and 42 degrees.

The rainbow becomes flattered as the sun rises higher in the sky. The opposite is also true. If the Sun is very low in the west, you will see a very strong arching rainbow in the east. The reason a semicircle, or much smaller, is that the dot in the middle of the rainbow's inner region forms a straight line between the eye and the sun. but the angular resolution of the human eye is so low that the apparent horizon/ground cannot see the rest.

What causes an aurora, the northern or southern lights?

Auroras are so beautiful, let's understand their science of it.

As the solar wind approaches the Earth, it encounters the Earth's magnetic field. Without this magnetic field that protects the Earth, the solar wind would blow away the Earth's fragile atmosphere and prevent all life. Most of the solar wind is blocked by the magnetosphere, and ions forced around the planet continue to travel into the solar system.

In the ionosphere, ions from the solar wind collide with oxygen and nitrogen atoms from the Earth's atmosphere. The energy released in these collisions causes brightly colored halos, or auroras, around the poles. Most northern lights occur about 60 to 620 miles (97 to 1,000 kilometers) above the surface.

The color of the aurora depends on the height and type of atoms involved. When an ion meets an oxygen atom high in the atmosphere, the interaction produces a red glow. This is an unusual aurora. The best-known green-yellow auroras occur when ions encounter oxygen at low altitudes. The reddish-bluish light that often appears at the lower edge of an aurora is produced by ions hitting nitrogen atoms. Blue and violet auroras can occur when ions collide with hydrogen and helium atoms, but our eyes rarely see this part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

How Stars Make All of the Elements?

Stars fuse elemental hydrogen to helium in their cores for most of their lives. Two hydrogen atoms combine in a series of steps to produce helium-4. These reactions account for 85% of the sun's energy. The remaining 15% is due to reactions that produce the elements beryllium and lithium.

A star begins to die when its core runs out of hydrogen. The dying star swells into a red giant, and helium atoms begin to fuse to form carbon atoms.

The more massive star initiates another series of nuclear burning or reaction stages. The elements formed vary from oxygen to iron

Fusion is possible only till iron then how are heavy elements formed?

The star releases enormous amounts of energy and neutrons during a supernova, which enables the production of materials heavier than iron, such as uranium and gold. All of these substances are released into space during the supernova explosion.

Actually, there are r and p processes... It's how an atom captures neutrons and makes heavier elements. r means rapid process and s means slow process. (I'll make another post where I'll explain all the processes thoroughly)

What causes light to reflect?

It is a typical occurrence for light to reflect off of a surface, and even physicists sometimes overlook the fascinating physics at play. According to a traditional physics viewpoint, light is an electromagnetic wave or an oscillating electric field.

The electrons in the material spontaneously oscillate when light strikes its surface because they are exposed to the light's fluctuating electric field.

But because these electrons have a charge and generate an electric field of their own, which oscillates as well, the electrons also generate light. That light appears to us as a reflection (and refraction).

The electrons radiate light in all directions. Destructive interference cancels out a large portion of these beams. The reflection (and refraction) rules are created by the light rays that endure as a result of constructive interference.

What Color is the Sun? Why is the Sky Blue? 

Resuming our discussion of the sun's surface black body spectra Since the wavelength of 490 nanometers is actually associated with the color green, the sun is actually providing us with a lot of green light.

 Although the sun does not appear green to us, you can still observe that the peak of the maximum wavelength is quite broad. All of these colors add up to high energy levels that we are receiving in a range of wavelengths from blue to red. The sun is white because of this. Because shorter wavelengths like green and blue are somewhat scattered by the atmosphere when the earth's surface is viewed, we see it as yellow. Orange and red are the next most prominent colors, followed by yellow.

The sky is blue because the atmosphere scatters green and blue light.

As the sun's light travels farther through the atmosphere in the evening, yellow light is also greatly scattered, giving the sun an orange rather than a red appearance at sunset. And because of the greater distance traversed, the blue and green colors in the evening have already been dispersed, so the sky is now additionally tinted with longer wavelengths of light, such as orange and red.

We can draw the same graph for anybody who is heated. for example, a hot piece of metal will limit most of its energy in the infrared but also a little in the visible range on the red side that is why hot metal looks red heat it a little more the spectra shifts and the metal looks.

How Do Clouds Form?

When water molecules receive more energy from a heat source like the sun or through colliding with other water molecules, such as when they are in contact, liquid water transforms into a gas. Then, gaseous versions of these energizing molecules emerge from the liquid water. The molecules absorb heat as they transition from a liquid to a gas, and they release that heat into the atmosphere as they do so. Thus, the water they leave behind is cooled.

Depending on the temperature and density of the air - or atmospheric pressure - in a particular place, the air can only retain that much water vapor. More water vapor can be held in the air at higher temperatures or pressures. It is referred to as being "saturated" when a specific volume of air is carrying all the water vapor it is capable of holding.

What happens if the temperature or atmospheric pressure drops while an air volume is saturated? All of that water vapor can no longer be contained in the air. The surplus transforms from a gas to a liquid or solid (ice). Condensation is the process by which water transforms from a gas to a liquid, and deposition is the process by which gas transforms directly into a solid. Clouds are created by these two processes.

Tiny particles in the air, such as dust, salt crystals from sea spray, microorganisms, or even volcanic ash, help to cause condensation. These particles offer surfaces for water vapor to condense into droplets of liquid or ice.

A cloud is a significant collection of such droplets or ice crystals.

Although clouds are typically thought of as being in the sky, they can also form at ground level under the right circumstances. Then it's referred to as "fog." If you've ever traversed a fog, you've traversed a cloud.

Although the fundamental concept of cloud formation is straightforward, there is still plenty to learn. Look past a cloud's fluffy surface to discover a complicated universe. In fact, one of the most difficult areas of climate research is the study of clouds.

Stay happy, and keep exploring.

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